Since the beam reduces the objects into particles and reconstructs it, doesn't it imply that it's able to destroy the ring in the first place? I guess it's necessary to get rid of the particles to make it so they can't re-build it again. But that does raise the question: Would the ability to reconstruct the ring affect one the same way the ring itself would? Or does the ring need to exist to exert its power?
First, I agree with all of the above: within existing lore it seems obvious that the transporter wouldn't be able to transport the one ring for several reasons having to do with magic.
But also, this is just a reminder that I think the transporters in Star Trek are so narratively uninteresting. I like Trek, but pretty much in spite of the tech writing. The degree of magic in their technology just does nothing for me. I wish we had more fiction that was like a cross between Star Trek and The Expanse.
conversely if they are able to transport it, the act of disassembling it would unmake the spirit sauron poured into it, being remade somewhere else will not have the same ...sparkle.
Depending on how far it was to Mt Doom, they totally would've searched for a scifi way to destroy the ring first. Probably involving reversing polarity and inverting tachyons.
In the books they pretty much confirm it takes more than just heat to destroy the One Ring.
Good forges burn hotter than lava, and dragonfire even hotter still, yet Gandalf said that the biggest, baddest dragon who ever lived Ancalagon the Black (who makes Smaug look like a whimpy little butterfly in comparison) wouldn't be able to harm the One Ring.
It's the magical tie to Orodruin/Mount Doom that allows for its destruction.