The magic word here is "mulling spices". It's the same blend used for pumpkin pie, apple cider, and a lot of different mulled wines.
You can buy premade mulling spice mixes to give it a try, but I highly recommend finding a recipe online and tinkering with it on your own. Once you've got your mix dialed in you can whip up amazing apple cider all fall and winter.
Sorta. I mean everyone expects there to be actual pumpkin, but that'd be gross. It's just all the stuff you add to the pumpkin in a pie to make it delicious
Caribou offers similar drinks with actual pumpkin puree if that interests you and you're in the midwest. Hot Pumpkin Chai is pretty great on a cold day
Not great, not terrible. If you ever had the impression that Starbucks is just a coffee-themed sweet shoppe, this puts things right over the top. It turns out that if you put enough cinnamon and dairy into a burnt-tasting beverage, it's kind of alright.
Starbucks strives for consistency so they over-roast their beans to ensure the same flavour across the board. To compensate for this they saturate all of their beverages in ungodly amounts of sugar.
Watch closely as a partner (their word for worker) makes your caramel macchiato and try to guess how much sugar is added to it.