I installed lots of OSs on my PC. The mistake I did was not backing up my EFI partition beforehand.

Now I deleted all the OS except CachyOS (Arch) and Windows.

Now I want to tidy up my EFI partition. I want to delete everything (even rEFInd) except Windows and Default ones like OEM. (I am gonna reinstall CachyOS ) Can anybody please assist me?

I already deleted the obvious ones like ubuntu and fedora. Anything else?

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I know this is not necessarily a linux question but anyways 😅

Solved ======

Before proceeding with any of the following, I STRONGLY suggest you to make a full backup of your ESP (efi) partition.

I deleted everything on boot folder, since I didn't need grub or any of those files ( after searching everything individually on internet)

I deleted refind folder, since I didn't need refind boot manager.

I kept insyde folder, since they are my uefi provider.

I kept OEM , microsoft folders because I need windows and whatever my OEM provides.

I kept tools folder since that's just an empty folder ( I didn't know which OS created it)

I installed CachyOS with BTRFS, LUKS2 , REFIND.

After successful installation I'm not seeing any prompt for password nor the linux boot entry on refind.

Note: I didn't do any lvm or raid.

What should I do?

Solved ======

I just forgot to create a boot partition 😮‍💨

Let's say i made 10 snapshots on top of the base.

Now can i delete snap no. 5? Will the snaps after 5 will be affected?

Solved ======

Yes, one can delete consecutive snapshots. The data won't be deleted unless all snaps ( reference points ) get deleted.

Note: If you delete the original file and delete all the snapshots made when the file is still there, the file will get deleted permanently.

How to install ProtonVPN in Arch Linux (CachyOS) ?

Should I follow https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/ProtonVPN ?

OR

from flathub https://flathub.org/apps/com.protonvpn.www ?

This flatpak has Unverified tag, but according to this, this flatpak is safe.

Which one should I follow ?

Asking this because I'm because I'm a bit lazy to configure OpenVPN and all that stuff. (pls don't kill me :) > Also do you think using VPN from flatpak is a good idea?

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Solved

I just installed aur mentioned in the wiki and it worked just fine. Didn't need to install anything else in my case.1.

//Solution:

I installed this driver (https://github.com/morrownr/8821au-20210708).

The driver however, did not work until I ran a script called remove-driver.sh from the driver that I used to use (https://github.com/morrownr/8821cu-20210916). Then the wifi adapter started working again :)

Thanks a lot for the help - I am still not really sure what the problem actually was, but I'm very thankful for having my internet connection back :)

//Original post below:

Hey :)

I've been using a wifi adapter for my computer for about a year. A few days ago, it suddenly stopped working. It no longer shows up when I run 'nmcli device' in the terminal. When running 'lsusb' it still shows up as 'Realtek Semiconductor Corp. 802.11ac NIC'.

To my knowledge I hadn't updated anything before it stopped working. After it had stopped working, I used usb-tethering from my phone to do a system update, hoping it would fix the problem. I think one of the updates was a linux firmware update. Anyways, it didn't fix anything.

The adapter didn't work out of the box. It arrived with a driver called 'RTL88x2BU' and a document stating that it was compatible with the following chip drivers for linux: RTL8811AU RTL8811CU RTL8812BU RTL8814AU

I couldn't get the driver it arrived with to work, so instead I downloaded this driver and have been using it until it stopped working. https://github.com/morrownr/8821cu-20210916

this driver only states that it supports some linux kernel version. I'm using '6.8.0-40-generic', which it does not claim to suppport. I download this driver, which should support my kernel, but it didn̈́'t work either. https://github.com/morrownr/8821au-20210708

I've tried running lsmod on my system, and it seems to be, that no wifi driver even starts. The only thing I can remember doing just prior to my internet not working, was running 'systemctl disable jellyfin.service'. I doubt that has anything to do with this, but I'm not sure what else it could be. My only other theory is, maybe the usb wifi adapter hardware just gave up.

Any help is appreciated \^\

I want to copy (not move) my Timeshift Snapshots (Rsync) from my existing drive to another drive. Both drives are ext4. As far as I searched I am not able to find any viable results.

If not possible, just why?

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Solved

https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-unix-apple-osx-bsd-rsync-copy-hard-links/

TLDR

sudo rsync -az -H --delete --numeric-ids /path/to/timeshift path/to/destination/

Where,

-a : Archive mode (i.e. recurse into directories, and preserve symlinks, file permissions, file modification times, file group, file owner, device files & special files)

-z : Compress file data during the transfer

H : Preserve hard links (i.e. copy hard links as hard links)

--delete : Delete extraneous files from the receiving side (ones that aren't on the sending side), but only for the directories that are being synchronized i.e. keep exact replica of your /path/to/timeshift directory.

--numeric-ids : Transfer numeric group and user IDs rather than using user and group names and mapping them at both ends.

--progress : Show progress during transfer.

--log-file="/var/log/my-rsync-script.log" : Log what rsync command is doing to the /var/log/my-rsync-script.log file.

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Thanks to @[email protected]

Original Comment: https://lemmy.world/comment/11611743

I can't change directory and file permissions which is in /mnt/ through elevated Nemo. But can change in /. Why?

Apparently, this happens due to Automount. Because when I mount manually, this problem doesn't occur.

I also changed /mnt/Storage to /media/user/Storage/ on auto mount, still the same problem occurs.

uploaded on reddit because lemmy doen't allow videos .sorry for the quality reddit squashed it. Also my user name is blurred.

Also this an automounted NTFS partition, if it has to do anything with this,

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I know about chown and chmod. But I wanna do it in GUI.

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SOLVED

Include uid= and gid= as part of your mount options.

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For More info look at this.

Thanks to this Chad @[email protected]

I have a VPN daemon that needs to run before the client will work. Normally, this would have been set up automatically by its install script, but the system is immutable.

I've created the systemd service via sysyemctl edit --force --full daemon.service with the following parameters:

``` [Unit] Description=Blah After=network-online.target

[Service] User=root Group=root ExecStart=/usr/bin/env /path/to/daemon

[Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target ```

I've verified that the daemon is actually executable, and it runs fine when I manually call it via sudo daemon. When I try to run it with sudo systemctl enable --now daemon.service, it exits with error code 126.

What am I missing?

Edit: typo

Edit 2: Added script modifications. Daemon appears to be some kind of pre-compiled binary.

Solution: ExecStart wanted /usr/bin/env to launch the binary. The service file above has been edited to reflect the correct solution. See this post for further discussion.