They generally try to find a responsible party and bill them, file an insurance claim, use the general maintenance budget, and special assessments as a last resort.
This. They should be going through insurance for this.
Of course, the insurance rates would rise, and they'd still be passing on that increase to the residents, but residents would be slightly less bitchy about it since the extra layers of opacity would make it seem like "just more of the usual greed and inflation."
It's also part of the reason why maintenance budgets exist. The condo board/government/etc should be responsible for factoring in the risk of vandalism repairs into their budget and spreading that cost over time. That's why they exist.
At the end of the day it's my dues/taxes that pay it either way, but I shouldn't get stuck with a surprise assessment unless it's a major unexpected repair.
Insurance is only needed if things get really bad. What should happen is just having like 2 weeks of janitor time dedicated to powewashing graffiti in their annual budget.
You try to find the responsible party. If yes, they have to pay for repairs/damages.
If not, the tax money has to pay for it, as the infrastructure is needed.
🥲 sadly not when the public infrastructure is maintained by a private company that goes bankrupt
R.I.P. my city's previous bike share scheme, ruined by vandals wrecking the charging docks and stealing the bikes. Our tax money could not save it due to corruption laws AFAIK