Iconv, set the charset to RCE: Exploiting the glibc to hack the PHP engine (part 1)

A few months ago, I stumbled upon a 24 years old buffer overflow in the glibc, the base library for linux programs. Despite being reachable in multiple well-known libraries or executables, it proved rarely exploitable — while it didn't provide much leeway, it required hard-to-achieve preconditions. Looking for targets lead mainly to disappointment. On PHP however, the bug shone, and proved useful in exploiting its engine in two different ways.