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Weird that France has both œ and æ. I only ever saw the latter in Nordic languages, but apparently it is occasionally used in French.
æ is in purely Latin words like ex æquo, et cætera, or curriculum vitæ, that's all. œ appears in œil (eye) so you see that a lot more commonly already, but I can't think of any other word that uses it off the top of my head (beside other derivated words like œillères). (pardon the puns)
œuf and chœur as well, I suppose? Though I don't know if that is how they are commonly spelled
You're correct. Chœur is chorus and cœur is heart BTW.
Œuvre too
Sœur is pretty common too. And bœuf.
Which means that æ ends up also appearing in English in those same Latin words (although they're possibly more lax with alternate spellings).
It appears (but now rarely) in the very English and not at all Latin word encyclopædia.
Wikipedia gives examples of "curriculum vitæ" and "et cætera." We use those both as loanwords in English, but I've only seen it as the separate letters "ae," not the ligature æ.
I assume direct loanwords are excluded from the list.
The Nordic languages use ö or ø instead, in Swedish also ä is used instead of æ.